Īhmad M, Iqbal Arif M, Ahmad M (2007) Occurrence of insecticide resistance in field populations of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Pakistan. Īhmad M, Farid A, Saeed M (2018) Resistance to new insecticides and their synergism in Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from Pakistan.

exigua.Īhmad M, Arif IM (2010) Resistance of beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to endosulfan, organophosphorus and pyrethroid insecticides in Pakistan. exigua and explores alternative IPM approaches to control S. This review synthesizes published information on insecticide resistance of S. The IPM approach can not only reduce the hazard of chemical residues in the environment and associated health problems, but may also provide best strategies to control insect pests. Given these increasing pressures on the ecosystem, there is a need to implement integrated pest management (IPM) approaches exploiting a wider range of tools (biotechnological approaches, microbial control, biological control, cultural control, and use of host plant resistance) for an alternative to chemical control. An over-reliance on chemical control has not only led to selection for resistance to insecticides and to a reduction of natural enemies, but has also polluted various components of ecosystem.

Despite synthetic chemicals posing a serious threat to the environment, these remain the conventional approach for controlling S. The management of this pest insect continues to face many challenges. The beet army worm, Spodoptera exigua, is a widely distributed polyphagous pest of economically important crops worldwide.

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